View source for Warehouse Club, Inc.

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 25%; float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px solid #aaa; background-color: #f9f9f9;"
|-
| style="background-color:#f2f2f2; text-align:center;" colspan="2" | '''Warehouse Club, Inc.'''
|-
| '''Logo''' || [[File:Warehouseclub.png|200px|alt=Logo of Warehouse Club|The official logo of Warehouse Club]]
|-
| '''Type''' || Public
|-
| '''Traded as''' || NASDAQ: WCLB (1986–1994)
|-
| '''Industry''' || Retail
|-
| '''Founded''' || 1983
|-
| '''Defunct''' || 1996
|-
| '''Fate''' || Closed due to financial difficulties and competitive pressures
|-
| '''Headquarters''' || Niles, Illinois, United States; Skokie, Illinois, United States
|-
| '''Locations''' || 15 over its lifetime
|-
| '''Area served''' || Midwestern United States
|-
| '''Key people''' ||
{{Plainlist|
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_H._Teninga Walter H. Teninga] (Founder and CEO)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Doolittle Sid Doolittle] (Co-Founder, 1983–1985)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_Buckhardt Everett Buckhardt] (CEO, 1993–1994)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_McBride Jack McBride] (Chief Financial Officer)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Kahrs William C. Kahrs] (Vice President of Operations)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_T._McKitrick James T. McKitrick] (CEO, 1986–1987)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_V._Walsh James V. Walsh] (CFO, later President and COO)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwin_Deutchman Sherwin Deutchman] (President and COO, resigned 1991)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_J._Zabel Steven J. Zabel] (CFO, resigned 1996)
}}
|-
| '''Products''' || General merchandise, groceries, automotive supplies
|-
| '''Revenue''' || $134 million (1993)<ref name="AnnualReport1993">Warehouse Club Annual Report, 3rd Quarter 1993.</ref>
|-
| '''Operating income''' || -$4.5 million (1993)<ref name="AnnualReport1993" />
|-
| '''Net income''' || Loss of $6.6 million in 1994<ref name="Financials1994">"Warehouse Club Financials," ''Chicago Business'', April 9, 1994.</ref>
|-
| '''Assets''' || $82 million (1993)<ref name="AnnualReport1993" />
|-
| '''Number of employees''' || 500 (1993)<ref name="AnnualReport1993" />
|}

'''Warehouse Club, Inc.''' was a membership-based wholesale retail chain founded in 1983 by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_H._Teninga Walter H. Teninga], a former executive at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S._Kresge_Co. S.S. Kresge Co.] (later known as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmart Kmart]), and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Doolittle Sid Doolittle]. The company aimed to provide significant savings on a wide range of products, including general merchandise, groceries, and automotive supplies, primarily targeting small business owners, corporate employees, union members, and credit union members.

Over the course of its operation, Warehouse Club owned and operated 15 locations across the Midwestern United States. However, the company struggled to compete with larger national chains such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam's_Club Sam's Club] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costco Costco]. Despite efforts to expand and adapt, including the opening of a key location in Chicago's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clybourn_Corridor Clybourn Corridor] in 1994, Warehouse Club ultimately ceased operations in 1996 due to financial difficulties and competitive pressures. Although its time in the retail industry was brief, Warehouse Club played a role in the broader acceptance and evolution of the membership-based wholesale model.

== History ==

=== Founding and Early Years (1983–1985) ===

Warehouse Club, Inc. was founded in 1983 by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_H._Teninga Walter H. Teninga], who had previously served as an executive at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S._Kresge_Co. S.S. Kresge Co.] and briefly at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_Club Price Club]. Teninga left Price Club after a short tenure when its founder, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_Price Sol Price], declined to expand into the Midwest. Motivated by this experience, Teninga pursued his vision of a membership-based wholesale retail chain, leading to the creation of Warehouse Club, Inc. He co-founded the company with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Doolittle Sid Doolittle], a former [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Ward Montgomery Ward] executive who played a key role in shaping the company's initial strategy.<ref name="Teninga1986">"Warehouse Club Opens in Niles," ''Arlington Heights Daily Herald Suburban Chicago'', May 22, 1986, p. 37.</ref>

Doolittle's innovative ideas in the warehouse retail model gained attention from prominent figures in the industry. Notably, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Walton Sam Walton], the founder of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart Walmart] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam's_Club Sam's Club], visited one of Doolittle's early warehouse clubs to gain insights into the business model. This encounter influenced Walton's vision for Sam's Club, highlighting Doolittle's impact on modern retail.<ref name="EvanstonNow2024">"Warehouse Club Pioneer Dies in Evanston," ''Evanston Now'', August 2024.</ref>

The company initially planned to open its first store in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk_Grove_Village,_Illinois Elk Grove Village, Illinois], but zoning issues and failed lease negotiations led to the abandonment of this location.<ref name="ElkGrove1983">"Elk Grove Industrial Park Plans Halted," ''Arlington Heights Daily Herald Suburban Chicago'', February 16, 1983, p. 23.</ref> Despite this setback, Teninga established the first Warehouse Club location in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niles,_Illinois Niles, Illinois] later that year. The store quickly attracted approximately 35,000 members within its first five months, focusing on providing wholesale prices to small businesses and corporate accounts.<ref name="Niles1983">"Warehouse Club Opens in Niles," ''Chicago Tribune'', December 29, 1983, p. 9.</ref>

==== Investors and Initial Growth ====

Warehouse Club was initially funded through private investments and a public offering in 1986, trading on NASDAQ under the ticker symbol "WCLB." Key early investors included [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Alfred_Taubman A. Alfred Taubman], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_M._Fisher Max M. Fisher], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_F._Valassis George F. Valassis], who acquired a 41% stake in 1987.<ref name="Investors1986">"Key Investors Drive Warehouse Club Expansion," ''Crain's Chicago Business'', July 3, 1986.</ref><ref name="valassis1987">"Warehouse Club 41% Stake Sold to Detroit Investors," ''Wall Street Journal'', May 1, 1987.</ref> These investments facilitated expansion across the Midwest.

=== Expansion and Growth (1985–1990) ===

By the mid-1980s, Warehouse Club expanded its footprint, focusing on the Chicago metropolitan area and entering new markets. In 1986, the company acquired leases from the closed Pick 'N Save grocery stores in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_Heights,_Illinois Arlington Heights, Illinois] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard,_Illinois Lombard, Illinois], solidifying its presence in the greater Chicago area.<ref name="PickNSave1986">"Firm Assumes Grocery-Store Leases," ''Arlington Heights Daily Herald Suburban Chicago'', February 21, 1986, p. 34.</ref>

Simultaneously, Warehouse Club entered markets in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan Michigan], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio Ohio], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania Pennsylvania], aiming to capture a larger share of the warehouse retail sector.<ref name="ExpansionMidwest">Murphy, H. Lee. "Warehouse Club Expands Beyond Chicago," ''Crain's Chicago Business'', July 10, 1987.</ref> The company employed aggressive marketing strategies, including direct price comparisons with retailers like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmart Kmart] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears_(company) Sears], to attract members.<ref name="Marketing1986">"Warehouse Club Launches Aggressive Marketing Campaign," ''Chicago Sun-Times'', July 26, 1987, p. 11.</ref>

The company sought to capitalize on the departure of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BJ%27s_Wholesale_Club BJ's Wholesale Club] from the Chicago market in 1987 by offering former BJ's members the opportunity to transfer their memberships.<ref name="BJsExit1987">"Buying club seeks B.J.'s members," ''Arlington Heights Daily Herald Suburban Chicago'', November 8, 1990, p. 251.</ref>

=== Aggressive Expansion and Financial Challenges (1986–1990) ===

The late 1980s saw intensified competition from major players like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costco Costco], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_Club Price Club], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam's_Club Sam's Club]. These competitors leveraged economies of scale to offer lower prices, challenging smaller firms like Warehouse Club.<ref name="Crains1990">Murphy, H. Lee. "Next Retail Battlefield: Warehouse Clubs," ''Crain's Chicago Business'', July 9, 1990.</ref>

Despite increasing sales, Warehouse Club struggled with profitability due to high operating costs. In the third quarter of 1986, the company reported a loss of $891,000, even as sales rose.<ref name="DowJones1986b">Dow Jones News Service, October 10, 1986.</ref> By the fourth quarter, losses had escalated to $1.26 million.<ref name="DowJones1986c">Dow Jones News Service, December 12, 1986.</ref>

In January 1987, investor [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_F._Valassis George F. Valassis] acquired a 41% stake, aiming to inject capital and influence strategic direction.<ref name="DowJones1987a">Dow Jones News Service, January 15, 1987.</ref> However, financial woes continued due to persistent competitive pressures.

=== Operational Adjustments and Market Conditions (1987–1991) ===

To mitigate losses, Warehouse Club began closing underperforming stores. In April 1987, two Chicago-area warehouses were shut down as part of a consolidation strategy.<ref name="DowJones1987b">Dow Jones News Service, April 22, 1987.</ref> In September 1990, two more unprofitable stores were closed, resulting in a $1.8 million charge but expected to improve cash flow.<ref name="PRNewswire1990a">PR Newswire, September 10, 1990.</ref>

In June 1990, the company entered into a sale-leaseback transaction involving six operating units, expected to generate $2.5 million after debt repayment.<ref name="PRNewswire1990b">PR Newswire, June 15, 1990.</ref> However, the deal faced delays due to financing difficulties.

Leadership changes continued as the company sought stability. In March 1991, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwin_Deutchman Sherwin Deutchman] resigned as President and COO, succeeded by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_V._Walsh James V. Walsh].<ref name="PRNewswire1991a">PR Newswire, March 5, 1991.</ref>

=== Continued Financial Struggles and Strategic Shifts (1991–1995) ===

Financial difficulties persisted into the early 1990s. For the fiscal year ending September 30, 1990, the company reported a net loss of $4 million on sales of $265.2 million.<ref name="PRNewswire1990c">PR Newswire, December 12, 1990.</ref>

In November 1990, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26P_(company) A&P] proposed acquiring a 51% stake, but the agreement was terminated in December 1990, representing a missed opportunity for financial recovery.<ref name="PRNewswire1990d">PR Newswire, December 24, 1990.</ref>

In October 1991, Warehouse Club initiated an $8.5 million rights offering to raise capital for restructuring efforts.<ref name="PRNewswire1991b">PR Newswire, October 15, 1991.</ref>

In December 1994, the company became the first wholesale club to accept [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_Inc. Visa], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastercard Mastercard], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discover_Card Discover] cards across all locations, aiming to enhance customer convenience.<ref name="PRNewswire1994">PR Newswire, December 1, 1994.</ref>

Despite these initiatives, financial recovery remained elusive. In February 1995, Warehouse Club filed for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_11 Chapter 11] bankruptcy protection.<ref name="SupermarketNews1995">"Warehouse Club Files Chapter 11," ''Supermarket News'', February 13, 1995.</ref>

=== Decline and Closure (1994–1996) ===

By late 1994, Warehouse Club faced insurmountable financial challenges. The company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on February 2, 1995, and announced plans to close four unprofitable stores.<ref name="Ch11Filing1995">"Warehouse Club files Ch. 11, shuts units," ''Discount Store News'', February 20, 1995, p. 4.</ref>

In August 1995, Warehouse Club announced it would liquidate its remaining assets.<ref name="Liquidation1995">"Warehouse Club to Liquidate," ''Crain's Chicago Business'', August 7, 1995, p. 1.</ref> The liquidation included the closure of the Dayton, Ohio store, with a going-out-of-business sale managed by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brothers_Groups Gordon Brothers].<ref name="DaytonClosure1995">Dillon, Jim. "Warehouse Club Closing Sale Begins," ''Dayton Daily News'', August 12, 1995.</ref>

In September 1996, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_J._Zabel Steven J. Zabel] resigned, marking another significant loss in leadership.<ref name="PRNewswire1996">PR Newswire, September 5, 1996.</ref> Ultimately, the company ceased operations by mid-1996.<ref name="WWD1996">"Retail Bankruptcies Reflect Industry Woes," ''Women's Wear Daily'', October 1, 1996.</ref>

== Business Model ==

==== Membership Structure ====

Warehouse Club operated on a membership-based model targeting small business owners, corporate employees, union members, and credit union members.<ref name="membershipStructure1983">"Warehouse Club Opens in Niles," ''Chicago Tribune'', December 29, 1983, p. 9.</ref> By focusing on these groups, the company aimed to create a loyal customer base incentivized to make regular purchases.

==== Product Offerings ====

The company offered a wide range of products, including general merchandise, groceries, automotive supplies, electronics, and home goods.<ref name="productOfferings1986">"Warehouse Club: A New Way to Shop," ''Arlington Heights Daily Herald Suburban Chicago'', February 10, 1989, p. 16.</ref> Warehouse Club emphasized bulk purchasing and streamlined supply chains to offer products at prices lower than traditional retailers.<ref name="pricingStrategy1987">"Warehouse Club Launches Aggressive Marketing Campaign," ''Chicago Sun-Times'', July 26, 1987, p. 11.</ref>

Over the years, the company made merchandising adjustments, such as experimenting with store layout changes by placing seasonal items and apparel at the front to increase visibility and drive impulse purchases.<ref name="StoreLayout1993">Chanil, Debra. "Wholesale clubs: Pause for reflection," ''Discount Merchandiser'', November 1993, p. 33.</ref>

==== Marketing and Advertising ====

Marketing efforts included direct mail campaigns, newspaper advertisements, and in-store promotions.<ref name="marketingStrategy1986">"Firm Assumes Grocery-Store Leases," ''Arlington Heights Daily Herald Suburban Chicago'', February 21, 1986, p. 34.</ref> The company used direct price comparisons with established retailers to highlight potential savings.<ref name="advertising1987">"Buying club seeks B.J.'s members," ''Arlington Heights Daily Herald Suburban Chicago'', November 8, 1990, p. 251.</ref>

Warehouse Club focused on creating a sense of exclusivity by limiting memberships to specific groups, fostering a sense of belonging among customers.<ref name="exclusiveMarketing1983">"Warehouse Club Opens in Niles," ''Chicago Tribune'', December 29, 1983, p. 9.</ref>

== Locations ==

Warehouse Club, Inc. operated multiple locations across [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois Illinois], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan Michigan], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio Ohio], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana Indiana], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania Pennsylvania].

=== Locations That Opened ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Warehouse Club Locations
|-
! Location !! Address !! Opened !! Closed !! Notes
|-
! colspan="5" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;" | '''Illinois'''
|-
| Arlington Heights, Illinois || 1700 East Rand Road || May 22, 1986 || April 3, 1987 || Acquired from Pick 'N Save. Subleased to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Wholesale_Club American Wholesale Club].<ref name="Arlington1986">"Firm Assumes Grocery-Store Leases," ''Arlington Heights Daily Herald Suburban Chicago'', February 21, 1986, p. 34.</ref>
|-
| Bridgeview, Illinois || 9140 South Harlem Avenue || October 30, 1986 || March 5, 1995 || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menards Menards] bought the property in 1995.<ref>"The Ticker - Chicago," ''Chicago Sun-Times'', September 25, 1995, p. 44.</ref>
|-
| Chicago, Illinois (Clybourn Corridor) || Clybourn Avenue and Halsted Street || March 26, 1994 || March 5, 1995 || Shared building with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Ward Montgomery Ward]. Featured traditional retail layout.<ref name="Clybourn1994">Veverka, Mark. "Warehouse Club pins hopes on city foray," ''Crain's Chicago Business'', April 11, 1994, p. 37.</ref>
|-
| Lombard, Illinois || 515 West Roosevelt Road || May 22, 1986 || April 3, 1987 || Acquired from Pick 'N Save. Subleased to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Wholesale_Club American Wholesale Club].<ref name="Lombard1987">"Another Wholesale Club Sets Sights on Suburbia," ''Arlington Heights Daily Herald Suburban Chicago'', July 26, 1987, p. 11.</ref>
|-
| Niles, Illinois || 7420 North Lehigh Avenue || July 4, 1983 || September 1995 || First Warehouse Club location.<ref name="Niles1983" />
|-
! colspan="5" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;" | '''Indiana'''
|-
| Hammond, Indiana || 2434 Interstate Plaza || 1985 || Late 1993 || Part of Interstate Plaza shopping center.<ref>{{cite news |title=Niles discounter takes space |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=December 1, 1985 |page=m2B}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="5" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;" | '''Michigan'''
|-
| Allen Park, Michigan || 4000 Enterprise Drive || November 1985 || September 1995 || Part of Michigan expansion.<ref name="AllenPark1985">"Warehouse Club Expands in Michigan," ''Detroit Free Press'', May 22, 1985, p. 12.</ref>
|-
| Hazel Park, Michigan || 1727 E. Eight Mile || Unknown || Circa 1990 || Demolished in 2009 for new shopping center.<ref name="Demolition2009">"Hazel Park: Vacant building to meet wrecking ball," ''Detroit Free Press'', May 31, 2009, p. A.10.</ref>
|-
| Redford Township, Michigan || 24400 Plymouth Road || November 1985 || September 1995 || Part of Michigan expansion.<ref name="Redford1985">"Warehouse Club: A Growing Presence in Michigan," ''Detroit Free Press'', July 15, 1985, p. 14.</ref>
|-
! colspan="5" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;" | '''Ohio'''
|-
| Akron, Ohio || 3210 South Arlington Road || Unknown || March 5, 1995 || 
|-
| Columbus, Ohio || 4252 Groves Rd. || 1985 || March 5, 1995 || Implemented prototype layout changes in 1993.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chanil |first=Debra |title=Wholesale clubs: Pause for reflection |journal=Discount Merchandiser |volume=33 |issue=11 |date=November 1993}}</ref>
|-
| Columbus, Ohio || 3770 Indianola Ave. || 1985 || September 10, 1990 || Converted into storage facility in 1991.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Warehouse Club to House Bureau's Wares |newspaper=The Columbus Dispatch |date=Date needed |page=Page needed}}</ref>
|-
| Dayton, Ohio || 835 Edwin C. Moses Boulevard || 1985 || September 1995 || Featured an automotive center.<ref name="Dayton1985">"Warehouse Club Opens in Dayton with Automotive Center," ''Dayton Daily News'', February 10, 1985, p. 8.</ref>
|-
! colspan="5" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;" | '''Pennsylvania'''
|-
| Bridgeville, Pennsylvania || Chartiers Valley Shopping Center, 1025 Washington Pike || 1986 || September 1995 || Tested one-hour photo service in 1993.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chanil |first=Debra |title=Wholesale clubs: Pause for reflection |journal=Discount Merchandiser |volume=33 |issue=11 |date=November 1993}}</ref>
|-
| North Versailles, Pennsylvania || Pittsburgh Plaza East Shopping Center, 1701 Lincoln Highway || 1985 || September 10, 1990 || Converted into Warehouse Flea Mart, later a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destinta_Direct_Theatres Destinta Theatres] megaplex.<ref>Wempa, Marilyn K. "Bigger is Better for Everyone at North Versailles Flea Mart," ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'', February 28, 1997.</ref><ref>Weiskind, Ron. "North Versailles Megaplex Cinemas to Open in May," ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'', December 21, 1998.</ref>
|}

=== Proposed Locations That Never Opened ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Proposed Warehouse Club Locations (Never Opened)
|-
! Location !! Address !! Notes
|-
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;" | '''Illinois'''
|-
| Chicago, Illinois (South Loop) || 509 W. Roosevelt Road || Intended to open by spring 1991 but never materialized.<ref>{{cite news |title=Next Retail Battlefield: Warehouse Clubs |newspaper=Crain's Chicago Business |date=July 9, 1990 |access-date=2024-04-27 |url=URL needed}}</ref>
|-
| Cicero, Illinois || Unknown || One of three proposed Chicago-area locations.<ref name="Murphy1990">Murphy, H. Lee. "Next Retail Battlefield: Warehouse Clubs," ''Crain's Chicago Business'', July 9, 1990.</ref>
|-
| Elk Grove Village, Illinois || 1950 Pratt Blvd. || Original proposed location; never opened due to zoning and leasing issues.<ref name="ElkGrove1983">"Elk Grove Industrial Park Plans Halted," ''Arlington Heights Daily Herald Suburban Chicago'', February 16, 1983, p. 23.</ref>
|-
| Evanston, Illinois || Unknown || One of three proposed Chicago-area locations.<ref name="Murphy1990" />
|-
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;" | '''Michigan'''
|-
| Roseville, Michigan || Unknown || Originally constructed for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Depot Home Depot]; left unoccupied when plans changed.<ref name="RosevilleHomeDepot1986">Bodwin, Amy. "Home Depot May Not Open Detroit Stores," ''Crain's Detroit Business'', February 3, 1986, p. 1.</ref>
|}

== Corporate Structure ==

=== Management and Leadership ===

Warehouse Club, Inc. was founded by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_H._Teninga Walter H. Teninga], who served as the company's first CEO.<ref name="Teninga1983">"Teninga Leads New Warehouse Club," ''Chicago Tribune'', April 4, 1983.</ref> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Doolittle Sid Doolittle] co-founded the company but left in 1985.<ref name="Doolittle1990">Murphy, H. Lee. "Next Retail Battlefield: Warehouse Clubs," ''Crain's Chicago Business'', July 9, 1990.</ref>

Teninga's management style led to high turnover among top executives.<ref name="Waldstein1987">Waldstein, Peter D. "Warehouse Store Roster Grows, but Shakeout Looms," ''Crain's Chicago Business'', June 29, 1987.</ref> In July 1986, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_T._McKitrick James McKitrick] was appointed President and CEO but resigned in January 1987.<ref name="McKitrick1986">Goff, Lisa. "Retail Pro Tapped as Warehouse Club Prexy," ''Crain's Chicago Business'', July 21, 1986.</ref>

In July 1991, Teninga resigned as Chairman and CEO, succeeded by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_V._Walsh James V. Walsh].<ref name="TeningaResigns1991">Scott, Chris. "Teninga Resigns Posts at Warehouse Club," ''Crain's Chicago Business'', July 29, 1991.</ref> By the early 1990s, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_Buckhardt Everett Buckhardt] had taken over as CEO.<ref name="Leadership1990">"Warehouse Club Struggles Under New Leadership," ''Wall Street Journal'', December 24, 1990.</ref>

=== Headquarters ===

The company's headquarters were initially in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niles,_Illinois Niles, Illinois], later relocating to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skokie Skokie, Illinois], and then back to Niles due to financial difficulties.<ref name="SkokieMove1985">"Warehouse Club Relocates Headquarters to Skokie," ''Chicago Tribune'', July 15, 1985.</ref>

=== Financial Overview ===

Warehouse Club's financial performance varied significantly. Early growth was followed by deterioration in the late 1980s due to competition.<ref name="Financials1989">"Warehouse Club Financial Struggles," ''Arlington Heights Daily Herald Suburban Chicago'', February 10, 1989.</ref> The failed acquisition deal with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26P_(company) A&P] in 1990 exacerbated financial woes.<ref name="APDeal1990">"A&P Makes Offer for Warehouse Club," ''Arlington Heights Daily Herald Suburban Chicago'', November 8, 1990.</ref><ref name="APCollapse1990">"Business Brief -- Warehouse Club Inc.: Accord to Sell 51% Stake to A&P Chain Is Ended," ''Wall Street Journal'', December 24, 1990.</ref>

== Competition ==

=== Key Competitors ===

Warehouse Club, Inc. operated in a highly competitive market dominated by major warehouse retail chains such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam's_Club Sam's Club], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costco Costco], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_Club Price Club].

* '''Sam's Club''': A division of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart Walmart], offering competitive pricing and a wide product range.<ref name="SamsCompetition">"Warehouse Club Faces Stiff Competition from Sam's Club," ''Wall Street Journal'', April 15, 1989.</ref>
* '''Costco''': Known for high-quality products at low prices.<ref name="Costco1987">"Costco's Dominance in the Warehouse Retail Sector," ''Los Angeles Times'', July 10, 1987.</ref>
* '''Price Club''': The original warehouse club concept founded by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_Price Sol Price].<ref name="PriceClub">"The Influence of Price Club on Warehouse Club," ''Chicago Tribune'', December 12, 1986.</ref>

=== Market Dynamics ===

The warehouse retail sector was characterized by intense competition and aggressive pricing strategies. Larger chains leveraged economies of scale, making it difficult for smaller players like Warehouse Club to compete.<ref name="MarketDynamics">"Warehouse Retail Market Dynamics in the 1980s and 1990s," ''Retail Industry Analysis'', March 1988.</ref>

== Legacy and Impact ==

=== Impact on Retail Industry ===

Warehouse Club played a role in the evolution of the membership-based retail warehouse model in the United States. Its early efforts contributed to the broader acceptance and expansion of this retail format.<ref name="IndustryImpact">"Warehouse Club's Influence on Retail," ''Retail Weekly'', March 12, 1995.</ref>

=== Aftermath of Closure ===

After closing, many former locations were repurposed or taken over by competitors. The company's pioneering efforts left an imprint on the industry, particularly in the Midwest.<ref name="Legacy1995">"Warehouse Club: A Pioneering Retailer," ''Retail History Journal'', February 10, 1995.</ref>

== References ==

=== Citations ===

<references />